اثر میانجی‌گری تعهد سازمانی بر رابطه‌ی بین گرایش کارآفرینانه و عملکرد سازمانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

چکیده

در ادبیات معاصر سازمان و مدیریت، دو متغیر «رویکرد کارآفرینی» و «تعهد سازمانی» هر یک به نوبه‌ی خود در رقم‌زدن به عملکرد مطلوب نقش‌آفرین بوده‌اند. از این‌رو مقاله‌ی حاضر در تلاش است تا اثرگذاری گرایش کارآفرینانه بر عملکرد سازمانی را در شماری از پژوهشکده‌ها و مراکز تحقیقاتی منتخب از طریق متغیر میانجی تعهد سازمانی بررسی نماید. جامعه‌ی آماری تحقیق مشتمل بر 500 نفر از محققین و متخصصین شاغل در 25 مرکز تحقیقاتی و پژوهشکده‌ی دانشگاهی وابسته به سازمان‌های دولتی در شهر تهران می‌باشد. روش تحقیق از نوع توصیفی پیمایشی بوده و ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها پرسش‌نامه می‌باشد. آزمون فرضیه‌های تحقیق براساس روش مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری صورت پذیرفت. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که رویکرد کارآفرینانه به‌صورت مستقیم و به میزان چشمگیری (به اندازه 90 درصد) باعث ارتقاء سطح عملکرد در جامعه هدف می‌شود و متغیر تعهد سازمانی به مثابه متغیر میانجی فاقد نقش‌آفرینی در این رابطه می‌باشد

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Role of Mediation of Organizational Commitment in the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Approach and Organizational Performance

چکیده [English]

In the contemporary organization and management literature, entrepreneurial and organizational commitment approaches are regarded as two effective factors for appropriate performance. Hence, this research is intended to study the role of entrepreneurship approach for organizational performance in some selected research centers by organizational commitment mediation. Research population included 500 researchers and specialists working in 25 public university research centers in Tehran. This is a descriptive survey research, which uses questionnaires for collecting data. Hypothesis testing is conducted by structured equations modeling test. The results indicated that the entrepreneurial approach significantly has a direct promotional effect (as much as 90 percent) on performance level in the target population. However, organizational commitment, as a mediator variable indicated no significant role in this regard.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Entrepreneurial Approach
  • Organizational Performance
  • organizational commitment
Ağca, V., Topal, Y., & Kaya, H. (2012). Linking Intrapreneurship Activities to Multidimensional firm Performance in Turkish Manufacturing Firms: An Empirical Study.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(1).15-33.##
Altinay, L., & Altinay, M. (2004). The influence of Organisational Structure on Entrepreneurial Orientation and Expansion Performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(6).334-344. ##
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator–Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6). 1173. ##
Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the Concept of Commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 32-40. ##
Bergman, M. E. (2006). The Relationship between Affective and Normative Commitment: Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5).645-663. ##
Bettis, R. A., & Hitt, M. A. (1995).The New Competitive Landscape. Strategic Management Journal, 16(S1).7-19. ##
Boehm, J. (2008). Entrepreneurial Orientation in Academia. Wiesbaden, Gabler, Springer.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). A New Incremental Fit Index for General Structural Equation Models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3).303-316. ##
Bradmore, D. (1996). Competitive Advantage – Concepts and Cases. Sydney, Prentice Hall.
Brown, R. B. (1996). Organizational Commitment: Clarifying the Concept and Simplifying the Existing Construct Typology. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3).230-251. ##
Callaghan, Christian (2009) Entrepreneurial Orientation and Entrepreneurial Performance of Central Johannesburg Informal Sector Street Traders, Rob, Venter, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Master of Commerce. ##
Chen, Z. X., & Francesco, A. M. (2003).The Relationship between the Three Components of Commitment and Employee Performance in China. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(3).490-510. ##
Chew, J., & Chan, C. C. (2008). Human Resource Practices, Organizational Commitment and Intention to Stay. International Journal of Manpower, 29(6).503-522. ##
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 128-152. ##
Coulthard Max, & Loos, J. (2007). Networking, the Missing Link in Firm Based Entrepreneurial Orientation (eo) Performance Models. Monash University, Department of Management, Working Paper Series ISSN 1327 – 5216. ##
Covin J. G., & Miles M. P. (1999). Corporate Entrepreneurship and the Pursuit of Competitive Advantage. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. 23(3). 47–63. ##
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1991). A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(1).7–24. ##
Covin, J., Green, K. M., & Slevin, D. P. (2006). Strategic Process Effects on the Entrepreneurial Orientation-Sales Growth Rate Relationships. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 30(1). 57-81. ##
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments,  Strategic Management Journal, 10(1).75-87. ##
Damanpour, F., & Wischnevsky, J. D. (2006). Research on Organizational Innovation: Distinguishing Innovation-Generating from Innovation-Adopting Organizations. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 23.269–291. ##
Das, T. K., & He, I. Y. (2006). Entrepreneurial Firms in Search of Established Partners: Review and Recommendations. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 12(3).114–143. ##
De Clercq, D., Dimov, D., & Thongpapanl, N. (2010). The Moderating Impact of Internal Social Exchange Processes on the Entrepreneurial Orientation–Performance Relationship. Journal of Business Venturing, 25.87–103. ##
De Clerq, D., & Rius, I. B. (2007). Organizational Commitment in Mexican Small and Medium-Sized Firms: The Role of Work Status, Organizational Climate, and Entrepreneurial Orientation. Journal of Small Business Management, 45(4).467-490. ##
Drucker, P., (1985). Innovations and Entrepreneurship. New York, Harper & Row.
Eggers, F., Hansen, D. J., & Davis, A. E. (2012). Examining the Relationship between Customer and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Nascent Firms’ Marketing Strategy. ##International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(2).203-222.
Fernet, Claude, Austin, Stéphanie, and Vallerand, Robert J. (2012). The Effects of Work Motivation on Employee Exhaustion and Commitment: An Extension of the JD-R Model, International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 26(3). 213-229. ##
Ferreira, J. (2001). Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Strategic and Structural Perspective. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 4(2). 59##.
Fredrickson, J. (1986). The Strategic Decision Making Process and Organizational Structure. Academy of Management Review, 11.280-297. ##
Gupta, V., MacMillan, I. C., and Surie, G. (2004). Entrepreneurial Leadership: Developing and Measuring Across Cultural Construct. Journal of Business Venturing, 19.241–260. ##
Hackett, R. D., Bycio, P., & Hausdorf, P. A. (1994). Further Assessments of Meyer and Allen’s (1991) Three-Component Model of Organizational Commitment, Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(1).15-23. ##
Hamel, G. (2000). Leading the Revolution. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts. ##
Hart, S. L. (1992). An Integrative Framework for Strategy-Making Processes. Academy of Management Review, 17.327-351##.
Hashemi, S. M. K., Nadi, H. K., Hosseini S. M, and Rezvanfar Ahmad (2012). Explaining Agricultural Personnel's Intrapreneurial Behavior: The Mediating Effects of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Business and Social Science 3(6). 299##.
Hinds, P., & Pfeffer, J. (2003). Why Organizations don’t ‘know what they know’: Cognitive and Motivational Factors Affecting the Transfer of Expertise. In Beyond Knowledge Management: Sharing Expertise, Ackerman M, Pipek V, Wulf V (eds). Cambridge, MA. MIT Press. ##
Hisrich, R. D., & Peters, M. P. (1986). Establishing a New Venture Business Unit within a Firm. Journal of Business Venturing, 1.307–322. ##
Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. (2002). The Essence of Strategic Leadership: Managing Human and Social Capital. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9(1).3−14. ##
Jackson, D .L. (2003). Revisiting Sample Size and Number of Parameter Estimates: Some Support for the N:q Hypothesis. Structural Equation Modeling, 10.128-141##.
Jantunen, A., Puumalainen, K., Saarenketo, S., & Kylaheiko, K. (2005). Entrepreneurial Orientation, Dynamic Capabilities and International Performance. Journal of International Entrepreneurship. 3.223–243. ##
Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Staples, D. S. (2001). Exploring Perceptions of Organizational Ownership of Information and Expertise. Journal of Management Information Systems. 18(1).151–183.
Joo, Baek-Kyoo (2010). Organizational Commitment for Knowledge Workers: The Roles of Perceived Organizational Learning Culture, Leader–Member Exchange Quality, and Turnover Intention. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(1).69-85. ##
Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor Analysis in Counseling Psychology Research, Training, and Practice: Principles, Advances, and Applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 34.684-718##.
Koh, H. C., (1996). Testing Hypotheses of Entrepreneurial Characteristics. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 11(3).12–25. ##
Kroeger James, W. (2007). Firm Performance as a Function of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Strategic Planning Practices, Cleveland State University, Doctor of Business Administration. ##
Lamadrid Richel (2009). Strategy Making and EO Relationship Possibilities and Potentials, Heene, Aimé, Ghent University, Applied Economic Sciences, Degree of Doctor. ##
Li, Y. H., Huang, J., & Tsia, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Performance: The Role of Knowledge Creation Process. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(4).440–449. ##
Li, Y. H. and Kao, Y. U. (2008). The Mediating Effect of Knowledge Creation on Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Annual Meeting. ##
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2001). Linking Two Dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation to Firm Performance, Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5).429-451. ##
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Construct and Linking it to Performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1).135-172. ##
Lussier, R. N. (1995). A Nonfinancial Business Success Versus Failure Prediction Model for Young Organizations. Journal of Small Business Management, 33(1).8−20. ##
Lyon, D., Lumpkin, G., & Dess, G. (2000). Enhancing Entrepreneurial Orientation Research: Operationalizing and Measuring a Key Strategic Decision Making Process. Journal of Management, 26.1055-1085. ##
McGrath, R. G., (2001). Exploratory Learning, Innovative Capacity, and Managerial Oversight. Academy of Management Journal 44.118–131. ##
McKenzie, J., Truch, A., & Winkelen, C. (2001). Winning commitment for knowledge management initiatives. Journal of Change Management, 2(2).115-127.
Merlo, O., & Auh, S. (2009). The Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Market Orientation, and Marketing Subunit Influence on Firm Performance. Marketing Letters, 20(3).295-311.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment,  Human Resource Management Review, 1(1). 61-89##.
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents, Correlates and Consequences. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 61.20-52. ##
Meyer, John, P., & Allen, Natalie, Jean (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Advanced Topics in Organizational Behavior. Sage: CA., Thousand Oaks. ##
Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H. (1982). Innovation in Conservative and Entrepreneurial Firms: Two Models of Strategic Momentum. Strategic Management Journal, 3(1).1–25.
Miller, D. (1983). The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms. Management Science, 29(7).770-791. ##
Moreno, A. M., & Cassilass, J. C. (2008). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Growth of SMEs: A Causal Model. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(3).507-528. ##
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The Measurement of Organizational Commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14.224-247. ##
Murphy, G. B., & Callaway, S. K. (2004). Doing Well and Happy About It? Explaining Variance in Entrepreneurs’' Stated Satisfaction with Performance. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 7(2).15–26. ##
Neely, A., & Hii, J. (1998). Innovation and Business Performance: a Literature Review. The Judge Institute of Management Studies, University of Cambridge, 0-65. ##
Nonaka, I., Toyama, R., & Konno, N. (2001). SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation. Long Range Planning, 33. 5-34. ##
Pitt, L. F., Ewing, M. T., & Berthon, P. R. (2002). Proactive Behavior and Industrial Salesforce Performance,  Industrial Marketing Management, 31(8). 639-644. ##
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Among Psychiatric Technicians, Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5).603-609. ##
Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance: An Assessment of Past Research and Suggestion for the Future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33.761–781. ##
Rehman, Mobashar, Mahmood, Ahmad, Kamil, B., Salleh, Rohani, and Amin, Aamir (2011).Review of Factors Affecting Knowledge Sharing Behavior.International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics, 3, Hong Kong, IACSIT Press. ##
Runyan, R. C., Huddleston, P., & Swinney, J. (2006). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Social Capital as Small Firm Strategies: A Study of Gender Differences from a Resource-Based View. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(4).455-477. ##
Salaran, M. M., & Maritz, A. (2009). Entrepreneurial Environment and Research Performance in Knowledge-Based Institutions.Journal of International  Entrepreneurship, 7, 261–280. ##
Sanjaghi, Mohammad Ebrahim, Zohoorian, Nadali, Imam, Farrahi, Boozanjani, Borzoo (2012). The Mediating Effects of Employee and Team Empowerment on the Relationship between Leadership and Performance Within a Context.International Journal of the Academy of Organizational Behavior Management, 2.85-107. ##
Schumpeter, J. A. (1936). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ##
Schumpeter, J. A. (1949). Economic Theory and Entrepreneurial History, Change and the Entrepreneur, pp. 63– 84, Reprinted in Schumpeter, J. (1989). Essays on Entrepreneurs, Innovations, Business Cycles and the Evolution of Capitalism.In R. V. Clemence (Ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, pp. 253–231. ##
Short, J., Moss, T., & Lumpkin, G. (2009). Research in Social Entrepreneurship: Past Contributions and Future Opportunities. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(2).161–194. ##
Simon, M., Stachel, C., & Covin, J. G. (2011). The Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Commitment to Objectives on Performance.New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 14(2).9-17. ##
Simons, R. (2000). Performance Measurement and Control Systems For Implementing Strategy, London, Prentice-Hall. ##
Smith, H. A., & McKeen, J. D. (2002). Instilling a Knowledge-Sharing Culture. Proceedings of the Third European. Conference on Organizational Knowledge, Learning and Capabilities. ALBA: Athens, Greece. ##
Stewart, Jennifer, Klett (2009). An Investigation of an Intrapreneurial Orientation Among Employees in Service Organizations, Bendapudi, Neeli, The Ohio State University, Business Administration, Doctor of Philosophy. ##
Sutcliffe, K. M. (1994). What Executives Notice: Accurate Perceptions of Top Management Teams.Academy of Management Journal, 37.1360–1378. ##
Sykes, B., & Block, Z. (1989). Corporate Venturing Obstacles: Sources and Solutions”, Journal of Business Venturing, 4.  159-67. ##
Tajeddini, K., & Mueller, S. L. (2011). Corporate Entrepreneurship in Switzerland: Evidence from a Case Study of Swiss Watch Manufacturers. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(3).355-372. ##
Tang, Z., Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L., Dickson, P., & Weaver, K. M. (2009). A hierarchical Perspective of the Dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 5(2).181-201. ##
Todorovic, Z. W. (2005). The Entrepreneurial Orientation of University Departments and its Relationship to the Incidence of Commercial Activity, McNaughton, Rod, University of Waterloo, Ph.D. in Management Sciences. ##
Van den Hooff, Bart, & Weenen, Femke de Leeuw Van (2004). Committed to Share: Commitment and CMC Use as Antecedents of Knowledge Sharing. Knowledge and Process Management 11(1).13–24. ##
Venkatraman, N. (1989). Strategic Orientation of Business Enterprises: The Construct, Dimensionality and Measurement. Management Science, 35.942-962. ##
Wang, G., & Netemeyer, R. G. (2004). Salesperson Creative Performance: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Nomological Validity, Journal of Business Research. 57(8). 805-812.
Weston, R., & Gore, P. A. Jr. (2006). SEM 101: A Brief Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34.719-751. ##
Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2003). Knowledge-Based Resources, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and the Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13). 1307-1314##.
Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Small Business Performance: A configuration Approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 20.71–91. ##
Wong, A., Tong, C., & Mula, J. M. (2009). Knowledge Sharing acts as a Significant Antecedent to Organizational Commitment in a Confucian Culture: A Quantitative Study of Employees in the Hong Kong ICT Industry. 20th Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Melbourne. ##
Wu, T. F., Tsai, M. H., Fey, Y. H., & Wu, R. T. Y. (2006). A Study of the Relationship between Manager’s Leadership Style and Organizational Commitment in Taiwan’s International Tourist Hotels.Asian Journal of Management and Humanity Sciences, 1(3).434-452. ##
Xianguo, Y., Weixiang, W., & Zhouqi, R. (2009). Corporate Entrepreneurship in the Enterprise Clusters Environment-Influence of Network Resources and Entrepreneurial Orientation on firm Performance. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 3(4).566-582.
Yucel, Ilhami & Bektas, Cetin (2012). Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Demographic Characteristics Among Teachers in Turkey: Younger is Better? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46.1598-1608. ##
Yukl, G. (2008). How Leaders Influence Organizational Effectiveness, The Leadership Quarterly, 19. 708–722. ##
Zahra, S. A. (1993). A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior: A Critique and Extension. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17.5–21.
Zahra, S. A., & Covin, J. (1995) Contextual Influences on the Corporate Entrepreneurship - Performance Relationship: a Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 10.43-58. ##
Zahra, S. A., & Garvis, D. M. (2000). Entrepreneurship and Organization Performance: The Moderating Effect of International Environmental Hostility. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5).469−492##.
Zainol, Fakhrul, Anwar, & Ayadurai, Selvamalar (2011). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Performance: The Role of Personality Traits in Malay Family Firms in Malaysia, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(1). 59-71. ##