Career Shocks, Self-Management Strategies, and Decisions during COVID-19 Pandemic: The Gioia Methodology

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Management and Planning, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the career shocks caused by the covid-19 pandemic, self-management strategies and the decisions made at this time. The study population was professional athletes who exercise is not a hobby but a job for them. We adopted a purposeful sampling along with a snowball technique. We collected data using semi-structured interviews, and draw on 14 interviews. We coded data based on the guidelines of thematic analysis approach that is used in the Gioia methodology. We generated 57 first-order codes, 16 second-order themes, and three aggregate dimensions. In our study, career shocks took one of the following seven forms: loss of professional development opportunities, limited access to physical resources, limited access to financial resources, psychological stress, physical stress, job uncertainty, and limited opportunity to gain experience. Our analysis led to identification of seven career self-management strategies: avoidance, acceptance, projection, positive reframing, seeking social support, paying attention to daily routines, and problem solving. Career shocks and adopted self-management strategies have led to the adoption of two decisions: leave or continue the sports career.

Keywords

References

رجبی، پونه؛ شیرازیان، زهرا (1396)، بررسی تأثیر ویژگی‌های شغلی بر رشد مسیر شغلی و قابلیت‌های تطبیق با آن، پژوهش‌های مدیریت منابع انسانی، 9 (14)، 126-107.
شیخ‌اسماعیلی، سامان؛ حزباوی، سنا (1395)، ارائه الگوی عوامل مؤثر بر جهت‌گیری‌های کارراهه شغلی، پژوهش‌های مدیریت منابع انسانی، 8 (1)، 78-55.
Abenza-Cano, L., Leiva-Arcas, A., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., García-Roca, J. A., Meroño, L., & Sánchez-Pato, A. (2020). Effect of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Elite Spanish Student-Athletes’ Perception of the Dual Career. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-11.
Akkermans, J. & Kubasch, S. (2017), Trending topics in careers: a review and future research agenda. Career Development International, 22(6), 586-627.
Akkermans, J., Seibert, S.E. & Mol, S.T. (2018). Tales of the unexpected: integrating career shocks in the contemporary careers literature. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 44(1), 1-10.
Athletics Canada (2021). Athletics Canada COVID-19. Retrieved April 25, 2021 from https://athletics.ca/national-team/services/covid-19-faq.
Beach, L. R., & Mitchell, T. R. (1987). Image theory: Principles, goals, and plans in decision making. Acta Psychologica, 66, 201–220.
Briscoe, J. P., Henagan, S. C., Burton, J. P., & Murphy, W. M. (2012). Coping with an insecure employment environment: The differing roles of protean and boundaryless career orientations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 308-316.
Burton, J., Holtom, B., Sablynski, C., Lee, T., & Mitchell, T. (2010). When two theories are better than one: The buffering effects of job embeddedness on negative shocks. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 42–51.
Carless, D., & Douglas, K. (2012). Stories of success: Cultural narratives and personal stories of elite and professional athletes. Reflective Practice, 13(3), 387-398.
Chelladurai, P., & Kerwin, S. (2018). Human resource management in sport and recreation. Human Kinetics.
Corley, K. G., & Gioia, D. A. (2004). Identity ambiguity and change in the wake of a corporate spin-off. Administrative science quarterly, 49(2), 173-208.
Di Fronso, S., Costa, S., Montesano, C., Di Gruttola, F., Ciofi, E. G., & Morgilli, L. (2020). The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on perceived stress and psychobiosocial states in Italian athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Forthcoming, doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2020.1802612.
EOC. (2020). EOC EU Office coordinates a multi-stakeholder Covid-19 position paper asking the EU to support sport organisations. Retrieved April 28, 2020 from https://www.euoffice.eurolympic.org/blog/eoc-euoffice-coordinates-multistakeholder-covid-19-position-paper-asking-eu-support-sport.
Evans, A. B., Blackwell, J., Dolan, P., Fahlén, J., Hoekman, R., Lenneis, V., & Wilcock, L. (2020). Sport in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic: towards an agenda for research in the sociology of sport. European Journal for Sport and Society, 17(2), 85-95.
Gerrish, D. (2020). Together: What does Coronavirus mean for the digital future of the physical activity sector? Retrieved April 2, 2021 from https://www.ukactive.com/blog/together-what-does-coronavirusmean-for-the-digital-future-of-the-physical-activity-sector/.
 Gioia, D. A., K. G. Corley, & A. L. Hamilton (2013). Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research. Organizational Research Methods, 16, 15–31.
Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G. A., & Godshalk, V. M. (2010). Career management (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Gubler, M., Arnold, J., & Coombs, C. (2014). Organizational boundaries and beyond: A new look at the components of a boundaryless career orientation. Career Development International, 19(6), 641–667.
Hirschi, A. (2012). The career resources model: An integrative framework for career counsellors. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 40(4), 369–383.
Hirschi, A. (2018). The fourth industrial revolution: Issues and implications for career research and practice. The Career Development Quarterly, 66(3), 192–204.
Holtom, B., Mitchell, T., Lee, T., & Inderrieden, E. (2005). Shocks as causes of turnover: What they are and how organizations can manage them. Human Resource Management, 44, 337–352.
Iancheva, T., Rogaleva, L., GarcíaMas, A., & Olmedilla, A. (2020). Perfectionism, mood states, and coping strategies of sports students from Bulgaria and Russia during the pandemic COVID-19. Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, (1), 22-38.
Jukic, I., Calleja-González, J., Cos, F., Cuzzolin, F., Olmo, J., Terrados, N., & Alcaraz, P. E. (2020). Strategies and solutions for team sports athletes in isolation due to COVID-19. Spotrs, 8, 1-9.
King, Z. (2004). Career self-management: Its nature, causes and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 112–133.
Kossek, E. E., Ruderman, M. N., Braddy, P. W., & Hannum, K. M. (2012). Work–nonwork boundary management profiles: A person-centered approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(1), 112–128.
Kraimer, M., Greco, L., Seibert, S., & Sargent, L. (2019). An investigation of academic career success: The new tempo of academic life. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 18(2), 128–152.
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Social cognitive model of career self-management: Toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life, span. Journal of counseling psychology, 60(4), 557-568.
Lim, M. A., & Pranata, R. (2021). Sports activities during any pandemic lockdown. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 190(1), 447-451.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. CA: Sage.
Mansur, J. & Felix, B. (2020). On lemons and lemonade: the effect of positive and negative career shocks on thriving. Career Development International, Forthcoming, https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-12-2018-0300.
Nair, V.G. & Chatterjee, L. (2020). Impact of career shocks on Indian MBA careers: an exploratory study. Career Development International, forthcoming, https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2018-0297.
Paoli, A., & Musumeci, G. (2020). Elite athletes and COVID-19 lockdown: future health concerns for an entire sector. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 5(2), 1-3.
Parnell, D., Widdop, P., Bond, A., & Wilson, R. (2020). COVID-19, networks and sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, forthcoming, https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1750100.
Pété, E., Leprince, C., Lienhart, N., & Doron, J. (2021). Dealing with the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: Are some athletes’ coping profiles more adaptive than others? European journal of sport science, forthcoming, https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1873422.
Pillay, L., van Rensburg, D. C. C. J., van Rensburg, A. J., Ramagole, D. A., Holtzhausen, L., Dijkstra, H. P., & Cronje, T. (2020). Nowhere to hide: the significant impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures on elite and semi-elite South African athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(7), 670-679.
Pons, J., Ramis, Y., Alcaraz, S., Jordana, A., Borrueco, M., & Torregrossa, M. (2020). Where Did All the Sport Go? Negative Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Life-Spheres and Mental Health of Spanish Young Athletes. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1-9.
Richardson, J. (2020). Surviving the 'career shock' created by a pandemic. The Canberra Times. Retrieved April 18, 2020 from https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6726416/surviving-the-career-shock-of-a-pandemic.
Samuel, R. D., Basevitch, I., Wildikan, L., Prosoli, R., & McDonald, K. (2020). Please stop changing the rules! The modifications of judo regulations as a change-event in judokas’ and coaches’ careers. Sport in Society, 23(4), 774-794.
Schinke, R., Papaioannou, A., Henriksen, K., Si, G., Zhang, L., & Haberl, P. (2020). Sport psychology services to high performance athletes during COVID-19. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 18(3), 269–272.
Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., Holtom, B. C., & Pierotti, A. J. (2013). Even the best laid plans sometimes go askew: Career self-management processes, career shocks, and the decision to pursue graduate education. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(1), 169-182.
Seibert, S.E., Kraimer, M.L. & Heslin, P.A. (2016). Developing career resilience and adaptability. Organizational Dynamics, 45(3), 245-257.
Spurk, D., Hirschi, A., & Dries, N. (2018). Antecedents and outcomes of objective versus subjective career success: Competing perspectives and future directions. Journal of Management, 45(1), 35-69.
Sturges, J., Guest, D., Conway, N., & Davey, K. M. (2002). A longitudinal study of the relationship between career management and organizational commitment among graduates in the first ten years at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 731–748.
Collings, D. G., McMackin, J., Nyberg, A. J., & Wright, P. M. (2021). Strategic human resource management and COVID‐19: Emerging challenges and research opportunities. Journal of Management Studies, 58(5):1-5.
Vnoučková, L. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on human resource management. Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación Social, 3(1), 18-21.
WHO (2021a). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved 03-04-2021 from https://covid19.who.int.
WHO (2021b). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved 03-04-2021 from https://covid19.who.int/region/emro/country/ir.
Wilhelm, F., & Hirschi, A. (2019). Career self-management as a key factor for career wellbeing. In I.L. Potgieter, N. Ferreira & M. Coetzee (Eds.), Theory, research and dynamics of career wellbeing (pp. 117-138). Switzerland: Springer.
Wolff, H.-G., Schneider-Rahm, C. I., & Forret, M. L. (2011). Adaptation of a German multidimensional networking scale into english. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 244–250.
Yilmaz, V. (2020). Covid-19 and career shock. Togu Career Research Journal, 1(1), 1-9.
Journal of Research in Human Resources Management
Volume 15, Issue 1 - Serial Number 51
NO.51, Spring Quarterly
April 2023
Pages 229-261

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 05 June 2021
  • Revise Date: 20 December 2021
  • Accept Date: 04 September 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics