Designing the Model Of Compassion in the Work Environment (Case Study: Gas Company of Yazd Province)

Document Type : Case study

Authors

1 Corresponding author: Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran

2 MA in Business Administration, Organizational Behavior and Human Resources, Faculty of Management, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

 Compassion is a positive and new construct and has entered the working environment of organizations through positive psychology, and studies have shown that it is necessary and necessary for the success and excellence of organizations. In fact, by meeting the physical and psychological needs of human resources, which plays an important role in the organization's achievement of its goals, Shafqat acts in the direction of solving or alleviating the suffering of employees, and by doing this, it avoids many negative organizational consequences such as job burnout, lack of motivation of employees, stress and Finally, leaving the job, which entails irreparable costs for the organization; prevents; Therefore, considering the direct and indirect effect of compassion on organizational results and consequences, the aim of the current research is to design a model for compassion in the working environment of Gas Company of Yazd province. The method of conducting this research is qualitative in terms of data collection and fundamental in terms of purpose. In order to reach a more accurate and realistic answer, in addition to reviewing the research literature, 12 experts, including managers, engineers and high-ranking experts of the gas company, were conducted in the form of purposeful sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the data obtained from the documents and interviews were analyzed and coded using the database method. . The results and factors identified from the codings showed that the antecedents of compassion (causal factors) were extracted from the research literature including personal context, relational context, organizational context and moral context, and from reports and interviews, in addition to the mentioned factors, the context of national culture was also extracted. The dimensions of compassion were identified from the research literature and interviews, including the dimensions of cognitive, emotional, thoughtful, action and social awareness. Strategies were extracted from research literature, human resource management measures, organizational support, centralized structure and communication and from interviews, in addition to the factors mentioned, change management factors, transparency and leisure management. Intervening factors of compassion from the research literature, social power in the organization, political behaviors in the organization, excessive focus on short-term goals, organizational injustice, lack of organizational trust, merely evaluating individual performance, lack of social responsibility, centralized organizational structure, leadership style, existence of rules and regulations The limiting factor is the involvement of the type of role in reducing or facilitating compassion and from the interviews, in addition to the mentioned factors, moral vices, lack of job security, economic factors, cultural factors and lack of sufficient training in the field of compassion were identified. From the research literature and interviews, social and cultural factors were identified as the underlying factors of compassion, and finally, the consequences of compassion from the research literature, positive emotions at work, reducing job stress and leaving the job, organizational commitment, intrinsic motivation, psychological well-being, emotional intelligence, behavior Organizational citizenship, creativity, positive work identity, organizational identity, organizational loyalty, communication quality, organizational performance, job performance, employee empowerment, organizational trust, meritocracy, work-life balance, job satisfaction and psychological capital and from interviews, in addition to factors As mentioned, organizational happiness, organizational social responsibility, organizational pride, team performance and occupational sense of belonging were obtained.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

استادی، مریم و عشقی آبکناری، سمیه. (1398). پیش‌بینی شادی توسط سرمایه روان‌شناختی و هدف در زندگی کارمندان سازمان زمین‌شناسی شهر تهران. رویش روانشناسی، 8(1)، 69-76.
اصلانی، سعید و اسکندری، حسین. (1397). مروری بر اهمیت شفقت ورزی در امنیت جامعه. رویش روانشناسی، 11(32)، 341-354.
افتخاری، زهرا و نادی، محمدعلی. (1400). ارائه مدل جذب و آموزش نیروی انسانی در نظام پیش‌دبستانی مبتنی بر مدل مدارس کسب‌وکار در کشورهای منتخب با استفاده از نظریه داده‌بنیاد. پژوهش‌های مدیریت منابع انسانی، 13(1)، 201- 224.
امینی، مرضیه؛ شهنی ییلاق، منیجه و حاجی یخچالی، علی‌رضا. (1399). رابطه علی سرمایه روان‌شناختی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و عملکرد تحصیلی با میانجیگری سرمایه اجتماعی. پژوهش‌نامه روانشناسی مثبت، 6(2)، 1-16.
 بازرگان، علی. (1391). مقدمه‌ای بر روش‌های تحقیق کیفی و آمیخته. تهران: نشر دیدار.
حسین پور، داوود؛ ارمندئی، مریم و ولدی، رضا. (1395). تأثیر سرمایه روان‌شناختی بر تسهیم دانش با میانجی احساس امنیت روان‌شناختی؛ مورد: دانشگاه صنعتی شریف. فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی در آموزش عالی، 22(4)، 133-154.
خواجه پور، نسیم؛ بشلیده، کیومرث و بهارلو، مصطفی. (1394). رابطه علی سرمایه روان‌شناختی با قصد ترک شغل، فرسودگی شغلی و عملکرد شغلی: نقش میانجی‌گر استرس شغلی. مطالعات روان‌شناسی صنعتی و سازمانی، 2(2)، 61-82.
دانایی‌فرد، حسن و اسلامی، آذر. (1390). ساخت نظریه بی‌تفاوتی سازمانی. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادق (ع).
زاهد بابلان، عادل و کریمیان پور، غفار. (1397). اثر رهبری وزیعی و سرمایه روان‌شناختی بر تعهد به تغییر با میانجیگری خودکارآمدی تغییر. پژوهش‌نامه مدیریت تحول، 10(2)، 1-20.
سرلک، محمدعلی و نوریانی، محمدحسن. (1395). شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر جریان‌های شکافنده سازمان‌های دولتی با استفاده از استراتژی نظریه‌پردازی داده‌بنیاد. فصلنامه مدیریت دولتی، 8(4)، 570-553.
سید نقوی، میرعلی؛ واعظی، رضا؛ قربانی زاده، وجه الله؛ و افکانه، محمد. (1396). الگوی تعالی منابع انسانی در سازمان‌های دولتی ایران. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی مدیریت سازمان‌های دولتی، 2(22)، 11-26.
عسکری، فهیمه؛ تجربه کار، مهشید و توحیدی، افسانه. (1400). نقش سرمایه روان‌شناختی بر توانایی حل مسئله اجتماعی با میانجیگری ترجیحات فکری. پژوهش‌نامه روانشناسی مثبت، 7(2)، 73-88.
کریمی، فرهاد و مردانی، محمد. (1399). رابطه رهبری اصیل و اشتیاق شغلی کارکنان آموزش‌وپرورش با میانجیگری سرمایه روان‌شناختی. فصلنامه خانواده و پژوهش، 17(2)، 7-32.
گل پرور، محسن و مصاحبی، محمدرضا. (1394). پیش‌بینی بهزیستی معنوی سالمندان از طریق مؤلفه‌های سرمایه روان‌شناختی. دانش و پژوهش در روان‌شناسی کاربردی، 16(3)، 4-12.
مهداد، علی و طحانیان، فهیمه. (1397). نقش میانجی‌گرانه سرمایه روان‌شناختی در تأثیر رهبری قابل‌اعتماد بر خشنودی از شغل و خشنودی از زندگی. پژوهش‌نامه روانشناسی مثبت، 17(1)، 79-92.
میرمحمدی، سید محمد و محمد، رحیمیان. (1393). بررسی تأثیر رهبری اصیل بر خلاقیت فردی کارکنان با توجه به نقش میانجی سرمایه روان‌شناختی. پژوهش‌های مدیریت در ایران، 18(3)، 181-203.
نیکنام، امیدعلی؛ علی‌پور درویشی، زهرا؛ محمدی‌مقدم، یوسف و صالحی صدقیانی، جمشید (1400). طراحی و تبیین مدل تعلق خاطر پایدار کارکنان نسل جدید با رویکرد مبتنی بر نظریه داده بنیاد (مطالعه‌ای در کسب‌وکارهای مرتبط با فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات). پژوهش‌های مدیریت منابع انسانی، 13(4)، 157-189.
هومن، علی‌اکبر. (1389). راهنمای عملی پژوهش کیفی. تهران: انتشارات سمت.
Abbas, M., Raja, U., Darr, W., & Bouckenooghe, D. (2014). Combined effects of perceived politics and psychological capital on job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and performance. Journal of management, 40(7), 1813-1830.
Armstrong, M. (2011). How to Be an Even Better Manager: A Complete A-Z of Proven Techniques and Essential Skills. London: Kogan Page.
Asbari, M., Prasetya, A. B., Santoso, P. B., & Purwanto, A. (2021). From creativity to innovation: The role of female employees’ psychological capital. International Journal of Social and Management Studies, 2(2), 66-77.
Atkins, P. W., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Understanding individual compassion in organizations: The role of appraisals and psychological flexibility. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 524-546.
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2010). The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of management, 36(2), 430-452.
 Banker, D. V., & Bhal, K. T. (2020). Understanding compassion from practicing managers’ perspective: Vicious and virtuous forces in business organizations. Global Business Review, 21(1), 262-278.‏
Bao, S., & Taliaferro, D. (2015). Compassion fatigue and psychological capital in nurses working in acute care settings. International Journal for Human Caring, 19(2), 35-40.
Basinska, B. A., & Rozkwitalska, M. (2022). Psychological capital and happiness at work: The mediating role of employee thriving in multinational corporations. Current Psychology, 41 (1), 549–562.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. American journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664.
Califf, C. B., Sarker, S., & Sarker, S. (2020). The Bright and Dark Sides of Technostress: A MixedMethods Study Involving Healthcare IT. MIS Quarterly, 44(2), 809-856.
Calvo, R. A., Peters, D., & D'Mello, S. (2015). When technologies manipulate our emotions. Communications of the ACM, 58(11), 41-42.
Cameron, K. S. & Caza, A. (2004). Contributions to the Discipline of Positive Organizational Scholarship. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 731-739.
Chatterjee, S., Chakraborty, S., Fulk, H. K., & Sarker, S. (2021). Building a compassionate workplace using information technology: Considerations for information systems research. International Journal of Information Management, 56(4), 11(4), 1-27.‏
Chen, P. L. (2021). Comparison of psychological capital, self-compassion, and mental health between with overseas Chinese students and Taiwanese students in the Taiwan. Personality and Individual Differences, 183(4), 111131.
Chipfupa, U., Tagwi, A., & Wale, E. (2021). Psychological capital and climate change adaptation: Empirical evidence from smallholder farmers in South Africa. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 13(1), 1-12.
Clark, C. (1987). Sympathy biography and sympathy margin. American Journal of Sociology, 93(2), 290-321.‏
Creswell, j.W. (2005). Educational Research: Planinig, Conducting, and Evaluating. Quantitative And Qualtitative Research (2nd edition).
Cunha, M. P., Rego, A., Simpson, A. V., & Clegg, S. (2019). Positive organizational behaviour: Management as a force for good. Routledge
Dalai, L. (1995). The World of Tibetan Buddhism: An Overview of its Philosophy and Practice. Boston, MA: Wisdom Publisher.
Dutton, J. E. (2003). Energize your workplace: How to create and sustain high-quality connections at work. John Wiley & Sons.
Dutton, J. E., Frost, P. J., Worline, M. C., Lilius, J. M., & Kanov, J. M. (2002). Leading in times of trauma. Harvard business review, 80(1), 54-61.
Dutton, J., Lilius, J.M. and Kanov, J.M. (2007), The transformative potential of compassion at work. in Cooperrider, D., Fry, R. and Piderit, S. (Eds), Handbook of Transformative Cooperation: New Designs and Dynamics (pp. 107-126), Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA.
Dutton, J. E., Worline, M. C., Frost, P. J., & Lilius, J. M. (2006). Explaining compassion organizing. Administrative Science Quarterly, 5(1), 59-96.
Dutton, J. E., Workman, K. M., & Hardin, A. E. (2014). Compassion at work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 277-304.
Eisenberg, N., VanSchyndel, S., & Hofer, C. (2015). The association of maternal socialization in childhood and adolescence with adult offsprings’ sympathy/caring. Developmental Psychology, 5(1), 7-16.
Estrada, M., Monferrer, D., Rodríguez, A., & Moliner, M. Á. (2021). Does emotional intelligence influence academic performance? The role of compassion and engagement in education for sustainable development. Sustainability, 13(4), 1721.‏
Fineman S. (2000). Emotion in Organizations. London: Sage. 2nd ed. Fiske ST. 1993. Controlling other people: the impact of power on stereotyping. Am. Psychol. 48(6), 621-28
Fox, M. A. (2006). Compassion as an antidote to cruelty. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29(3), 229-230.‏
Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. Academic Press. Advances in experimental social psychology, 47(1), 1-53.
French, K. A., Dumani, S., Allen, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of work– family conflict and social support. Psychological Bulletin, 144(3), 284-314.
Frost PJ, Dutton JE, Maitlis S, Lilius JM, Kanov JM, Worline MC. (2006). Seeing organizations differently: three lenses on compassion. In The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies, ed. SR Clegg, C Hardy, TB Lawrence, WR Nord (pp. 843–66). London: Sage.
Galinsky, A. D., Magee, J. C., Inesi, M. E., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2006). Power and perspectives not taken. Psychological science, 17(12), 1068-1074.‏
Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy. New York: Routledge.
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Catarino, F., & Baiao, R. (2014). Fears of Compassion in a Depressed Population Implication for Psychotherapy. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 2(3),1-8.
Gilbert, P. (2015). The evolution and social dynamics of compassion. Social and personality psychology compass, 9(6), 239-254.
Goetz, J.L., Keltner, D. and Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). ‘Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review’. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 351-374.
Guzzo, R. F., Wang, X., & Abbott, J. (2022). Corporate social responsibility and individual outcomes: the mediating role of gratitude and compassion at work. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 63(3), 350-368.
Holmes, J.G., Miller, D.T., & Lerner, M.J. (2002). Committing altruism under the cloak of self-interest: The exchange fiction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(2), 144-151.
Homan, K. J. (2016). Self-compassion and psychological well-being in older adults. Journal of Adult Development, 23(2), 111-119.
Hu, Y., Wu, X., Zong, Z., Xiao, Y., Maguire, P., Qu, F., ... & Wang, D. (2018). Authentic leadership and proactive behavior: the role of psychological capital and compassion at work. Frontiers in psychology, 9(4), 2470.
Hur, W. M., Moon, T. W., & Ko, S. H. (2018). How employees’ perceptions of CSR increase employee creativity: Mediating mechanisms of compassion at work and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Business Ethics, 153(3), 629-644.
Hur, W. M., Moon, T., & Rhee, S. Y. (2016). Exploring the relationships between compassion at work, the evaluative perspective of positive work-related identity, service employee creativity, and job performance. Journal of Services Marketing, 30(1), 103-114.
Inchausti, F., MacBeth, A., Hasson-Ohayon, I., & Dimaggio, G. (2020). Psychological intervention and COVID-19: what we know so far and what we can do. Journal of contemporary psychotherapy, 50(4), 243-250.
Jazaieri, H., Jinpa, G. T., McGonigal, K., Rosenberg, E. L., Finkelstein, J., Simon-Thomas, E., ... & Goldin, P. R. (2013). Enhancing compassion: A randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1113-1126.‏
Jazaieri, H., & Rock, M. (2021). Putting compassion to work: Compassion as a tool for navigating challenging workplace relationships. Mindfulness, 12(10), 2552-2558.‏
Kahn, W. A. (2019). Dynamics and implications of distress organizing. Academy of Management Journal, 62(5), 1471-1497.
Kanov, J. M., Maitlis, S., Worline, M. C., Dutton, J. E., Frost, P. J., & Lilius, J. M. (2004). Compassion in organizational life. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 808-827.
Klimecki, O., & Singer, T. (2012). Empathic distress fatigue rather than compassion fatigue? Integrating findings from empathy research in psychology and social neuroscience. Pathological altruism, 5, 368-383.
Ko, S. H., & Choi, Y. (2019). Compassion and job performance: Dual-paths through positive work-related identity, collective self esteem, and positive psychological capital. Sustainability, 11(23), 6766-6778.
Ko, S. H., & Choi, Y. (2021). Positive leadership and organizational identification: Mediating roles of positive emotion and compassion. Problems and Perspectives in Management,19(1), 13-23.
Kurt, N., & Demirbolat, A. O. (2019). Investigation of the Relationship between Psychological Capital Perception, Psychological Well-Being and Job Satisfaction of Teachers. Journal of Education and Learning, 8(1), 87-99.
Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1994). Passion and reason: Making sense of our emotions. Oxford University Press, USA.
Lee, T. W., & Mitchell, T. R. (1994). An alternative approach: The unfolding model of voluntary employee turnover. Academy of management review, 19(1), 51-89.‏
Lilius, J. M. (2012). Recovery at work: Understanding the restorative side of “depleting” client interactions. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 569-588.‏
Lilius, J. M., Kanov, J., Dutton, J. E., Worline, M. C., & Maitlis, S. (2012). Compassion revealed. The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship (pp. 273-288) .
Lilius, J. M., Worline, M. C., Dutton, J. E., Kanov, J., Frost, P. J., & Maitlis, S. (2003). What good is compassion at work. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.
Lilius, J. M., Worline, M. C., Maitlis, S., Kanov, J., Dutton, J. E., & Frost, P. (2008). The contours and consequences of compassion at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 193-218.
Lopez, S. H. (2006). Emotional labor and organized emotional care: Conceptualizing nursing home care work. Work and Occupations, 33(2), 133-160.‏
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge (Vol. 198). Oxford: Oxford university press.
Madden, L. T., Duchon, D., Madden, T. M., & Plowman, D. A. (2012). Emergent organizational capacity for compassion. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 689-708.
McClelland, L. E. (2012). From compassion to satisfaction: examining the relationship between routines that facilitate compassion and quality of service (Doctoral dissertation, Emory University).‏
McClelland, L. E., & Vogus, T. J. (2021). Infusing, sustaining, and replenishing compassion in health care organizations through compassion practices. Health Care Management Review, 46(1), 55-65.‏
Moon, T. W., Hur, W. M., Ko, S. H., Kim, J. W., & Yoon, S. W. (2014). Bridging corporate social responsibility and compassion at work: Relations to organizational justice and affective organizational commitment. Career Development International, 19(1), 49-72.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.
Miller, A. G. (1998). The healing connection; How women form relationships in therapy and in life, by Jean Baker Miller and Irene Pierce Stiver, Beaco. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 58(3), 342-345.
Molinsky, A. L., Grant, A. M., & Margolis, J. D. (2012). The bedside manner of homo economicus: How and why priming an economic schema reduces compassion. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119(1), 27-37.‏
Moon, T. W., Hur, W. M., Ko, S. H., Kim, J. W., & Yoon, S. W. (2014). Bridging corporate social responsibility and compassion at work: Relations to organizational justice and affective organizational commitment. Career Development International, 19(1), 49-72.
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
Neff, K., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity, 12(2), 160-176.
O'Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. A. (1996). Culture as social control: Corporations, cults, and commitment. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior: An annual series of analytical essays and critical reviews. 18(1), 157-200
Paakkanen, M., Martela, F., Hakanen, J., Uusitalo, L., & Pessi, A. (2021). Awakening compassion in managers-A new emotional skills intervention to improve managerial compassion. Journal of Business and Psychology, 36(6), 1095-1108.‏
Pelon, S. B. (2017). Compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction in hospice social work. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care, 13(2-3), 134-150.
Pirkkalainen, H., Salo, M., Tarafdar, M., & Makkonen, M. (2019). Deliberate or Instinctive? Proactive and Reactive Coping for Technostress. Journal of Management Information Systems, 36(4), 1179-1212.
Powley, E. H. (2009). Reclaiming resilience and safety: Resilience activation in the critical period of crisis. Human relations, 62(9), 1289-1326.
Radeka, M., & Hicks, R. E. (2020). Vicarious Exposure to Trauma in Australian migration agents: The role of empathy and psychological capital in compassion satisfaction. GSTF Journal of Psychology (JPsych), 4(1), 1-7.
Ratner, R.K., & Miller, D.T. (2001). The norm of self-interest and its effects on social action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 5-17.
Riaz, A., & Kashif, M. (2020). The role of resonant leadership, workplace friendship and serving culture in predicting organizational commitment: The mediating role of compassion at work. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, 22, 799-819.‏
Ruiz, P. O., & Vallejos, R. M. (1999). The role of compassion in moral education. Moral Education, 28(1).
Rynes, S. L., Bartunek, J. M., Dutton, J. E., & Margolis, J. D. (2012). Care and Compassion through an Organizational Lens: Opening up New Possibilities. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 503-523.
Shahzad, K., & Muller, A. R. (2016). An integrative conceptualization of organizational compassion and organizational justice: A sensemaking perspective. Business Ethics: A European Review, 25(2), 144-158.‏
Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style. The journal of positive psychology, 1(2), 61-71.‏
Simpson, A. V., & Berti, M. (2020). Transcending organizational compassion paradoxes by enacting wise compassion courageously. Journal of Management Inquiry, 29(4), 433-449.‏
Simpson, A. V., Clegg, S., & Pina e Cunha, M. (2013). Expressing Compassion in the Face of Crisis: Organizational Practices in the Aftermath of the B risbane Floods of 2011. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 21(2), 115-124.
Simpson, A. V., Farr-Wharton, B., & Reddy, P. (2020). Cultivating organizational compassion in healthcare. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(3), 340-354.‏
Sinclair, S., Hack, T. F., Raffin-Bouchal, S., McClement, S., Stajduhar, K., Singh, P.,... Chochinov, H. M. (2018). What are healthcare providers’ understandings and experiences of compassion? The healthcare compassion model: a grounded theory study of healthcare providers in Canada. BMJ open, 8(3), e019701.
Swaen, V., & Maignan, I. (2003). Organizational citizenship and corporate citizenship: two constructs, one research theme. Business rites, writs and responsibilities. Readings on ethics and social impact management, 1(4), 107-134.‏
Torous, J., Myrick, K. J., Rauseo-Ricupero, N., & Firth, J. (2020). Digital mental health and COVID-19: Using technology today to accelerate the curve on access and quality tomorrow. JMIR mental health, 7(3), e18848.
Walker, J., & Oldford, S. (2020). Risk and reflection in the academic workplace. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 22(3), 278-290.‏
Weick, K. & Roberts, K. (1993). Collective mind in organizations: heedful interrelating on flight decks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(3), 357–381.
Weiss, H. M., Suckow, K., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). Effects of justice conditions on discrete emotions. Journal of applied Psychology, 84(5), 786-794.‏
Welp, L. R., & Brown, C. M. (2013). Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(1), 54-65.
Wispé, L. (1991). The psychology of sympathy. Springer Science & Business Media.‏
Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self‐compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being, 7(3), 340-364.
Journal of Research in Human Resources Management
Volume 14, Issue 4 - Serial Number 50
NO.50, Winter Quarterly
January 2023
Pages 235-282

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 18 July 2022
  • Revise Date: 11 November 2022
  • Accept Date: 11 November 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics